Primary Education Essay

The Government of India in 2001 launched the Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan (SSA), a nationwide programme to provide universal primary education, thereby encouraging secondary education also. The Center passed The Right to Education Act in 1 April 2010, which guarantees free and compulsory education to every child in the 6-14 age groups. But, the lack of awareness on the requirement of pre-school education & operational challenges including the availability of quality teachers are some of the issues that still limit the widespread benefits from the government act. Though the number of institutes has gone up significantly since then, but most of them provide an average education. Many state-funded schools in India lack even the basic infrastructure. In fact the quality of education, especially in remote villages, is very dismal. The quality of teaching in elementary schools is not up to the mark. Teacher absenteeism is widespread, teachers are not adequately trained and the quality of pedagogy is poor. One of the major challenges is the diminishing inclination of youth towards the teaching profession. The low salary base, lack of incentives and a lethargic job with less of dynamism have made the profession a last resort for the youth. Also, the profession has lost the level of respect that it deserved. Nowadays, it is only been seen as a supplementary income, and they keep trying to enhance their qualification, till they get into a better job. While there is immense shortage of primary and upper primary schools, there are some schools in many parts of the district where a single teacher is taking all classes from 1-5. As per RTE Act norms, the ratio of teacher and students should be 1:30 in primary schools and 1: 35 in upper primary schools. But, past 2 years since the enactment of the RTE act, there is a shortage of 1. 2 million teachers in India. This gap has led to lack of interest in the students too, which led to decline in the enrolment and also shift towards tuitions. Key national highlights by ASER report 2009 * The percentage of all rural children in Std 5 reading text at Std 2 level shows a decline from 56. 2 percent in 2008 to 52. 8 percent in 2009. This means around 40% of all rural children in Std 5 in India are at least three grade levels behind based on their level of learning * In math, for children in Std 5, the ability to do division problems has hardly increased. From 2007-09, for children in government schools the ability has actually declined from 41 percent to 36% * In Government Schools, 17. 1 percent students take private tuitions, and it rises to 30. 8 percent by the time they reach standard 8th * In private schools more than 25 percent students take private tuitions from standard 1 itself. Some of these challenges can be overcome by adopting Innovative teaching/ learning methods to achieve the desired quality: For high quality education throughout, India needs to focus on strengthening nation wide network, which would provide equal quality education to all students, including the students from the rural areas and villages, irrespective of the type of school. New methods of delivery would enable to augment access, quality and improve delivery at various levels of education and also to bridge the gap between the faculty requirements and their availability. Information, Communication and technology (ICT) tools such as videos, television and multimedia computer software that combine text, sound, and colourful, moving images can be used to provide challenging and authentic content that would engage the students in the learning process. ICTs can also be used to improve access to and the quality of teacher training. Some international examples in this regard are: * Cyber Teacher Training Center (CTTC) in South Korea is leveraging on Internet to provide better teacher professional development opportunities to in service teachers. The government-funded CTTC, offers self-directed, self-paced web-based courses for primary and secondary school teachers * In China, large-scale radio and television-based teacher education has for many years been conducted by the China Central Radio and TV, University, the Shanghai Radio and TV University (RTVU) and many other RTVUs in the country. Some progressive approaches the Indian education sector has adopted * Eight hundred and fifty schools in India use Tata Sky Active. Besides over a million Tata Sky homes spend more than INR 30 every month to buy services such as Active English, Active Learning and Active Wizkids. * Activity based learning – * Katha: A Initiative involving Amar Chitra Katha characters to impart education to school children * Hey Math: Content providers are selling different school fundamentals as a learning package to children. Initiatives are now in place to sell science packages * Campus-Connect Programs – Governments are having partnerships with training schools for vocational training, like Government of Delhi and IndiaCan have partnered to impart English education to bus drivers * Voucher Schools – * A school voucher or education voucher is a certificate issued by the government which parents can apply toward tuition at a school * The government of Rajasthan has announced two schemes that use school vouchers- Gyanodaya for classes 6-12 and Shikshak ka Apna Vidyalaya for classes 1-5. Trends in Education Sector in Pre-school: Trends| Examples:| Entry of Big Corporate| * Many corporate houses have / are planning to set up their own chain of pre-schools – Pre schools are viewed as attractive investment opportunities due to the growth potential. * For e.g. Alphakids set up by Camlin group and Globe Tot’ers by Yash Birla Group, P&G’s flagship Corporate Social Responsibility Program Shiksha. | Joint Ventures with Builders| * Increasingly preschools are forming joint ventures with builders. Partnering with builders helps in imparting flexibility in the business against high lease rentals * AEZ group and Mothers Pride entered into a JV for a Preschool| Upgrade to K 12| * Preschool chains are moving up the value chain by upgrading to K-12 schools to ensure scalability  for preschool firms * Kidzee, Euro Kids and Kangaroo Kids are upgrading to K-12 school and a large majority of their preschool population is expected to be the potential customers for K-12| Expansion to Tier I & Tier II Cities| * Demand and affordability is increasing in small towns with the growing awareness among people about the need to send children to preschools. * Euro kids plans to add 1000 pre schools in medium term with Tier II and Tier III cities as growth drivers| Leveraging Infrastructure foreconomic viability| * In order to maximize space utilization, preschools are leveraging the existing infrastructure to generate additional revenues * Additional programmes are being offered in the same premise in order to allow higher utilization of the infrastructure|.

Answers: Risk Aversion and Security

Your assistant, Thomas, is briefing you on the current portfolio and states â€Å"We have too much of our portfolio in Alpha. We should probably move some of those funds into Gamma so we can achieve better diversification. † Is he right? Hint: Feel free to use spreadsheet statistical functions. ] Here is the data on all three stocks. Assume, for convenience, that all three securities do not pay dividends. Alpha, Current Price 40; Current Weight 80%; Next Year's Price: Expansion 48, Normal 44, Recession 36; Beta, Current Price 27. 0; Current Weight 20%; Next Year's Price: Expansion 27. 50, Normal 26, Recession 25; Gamma, Current Price 15; Current Weight 0%; Next Year's Price: Expansion 16. 50, Normal 19. 50, Recession 12. It depends. No. Yes. Answer : Yes Question 10 (15 points) Suppose there are two mortgage bankers. Banker 1 has two $1,000,000 mortgages to sell. The borrowers live on opposite sides of the country and face an independent probability of default of 5%, with the banker able to salvage 40% of the mortgage value in case of default.Banker 2 also has two $1,000,000 mortgages to sell, but Banker g's borrowers live on the same street, have the same Job security and income. Put differently, the fates and thus solvency of Banker g's borrowers move in lock step. They have a probability of defaulting of 5%, with the banker able to salvage 40% of the mortgage value in case of default. Both Bankers plan to sell their exceptive mortgages as a bundle in a mortgage-backed security (MBPS) (I. E. , as a portfolio). Which of the following is correct?Banker g's MBPS has a higher expected return and more risk. Banker Xi's MBPS has a higher expected return and less risk. Banker Xi's MBPS has a higher expected return and more risk. Banker g's MBPS has more risk, but the expected returns on both MBPS are the same. Banker Xi's MBPS has more risk, but the expected returns on both MBPS are the same. Banker g's MBPS has a higher expected return and less risk. The sam e. In accordance with the Coursers Honor Code, I (Oddity Vats) certify that the answers here are my own work.

Biological Risk Factors Back Pain Health And Social Care Essay

Research and argument concerning low back hurting and work-related muscoskeletal upsets reflects the prevalent confusion and uncertainness about epidemiological rules every bit good as spreads in the scientific literature. However some surveies have done a great occupation at painting a clear image of the association of certain hazard factors with low back hurting. This paper reviews a figure of surveies that discuss the nexus between several hazard factors including fleshiness, physical burden, psychosocial factors and smoke and lower back hurting. The reappraisal reveals assorted degrees of association between these hazard factors and lower back hurting and goes on to briefly highlight the findings and decisions of all the surveies reviewed in connexion with lower dorsum hurting.1.0 IntroductionWith the morning of the twenty-first century, low back upsets are progressively going expensive due to their dearly-won medical attending. Direct medical costs from lower dorsum hurting in t he United States entirely have been estimated to travel up to $ 90.6 billion annually.1 The status besides brings about non-financial deduction that have a significant impact non merely to the people enduring from lower dorsum hurting but besides to the economic system every bit good. Back pain-specific doomed production clip costs employers in the US an estimated $ 7.4 billion per twelvemonth among workers aged between 40 to 65 years.1 Thus bar and direction of lower dorsum hurting would cut down medical costs every bit good as improve lost production costs to employers. It is noted that, â€Å" Low back hurting is the taking cause of disablement. It occurs in similar proportions in all civilizations, interferes with the quality of life and work public presentation, and is the most common ground why people seek medical audiences. † On the other manus, â€Å" Acute back hurting is the most common presentation and is normally self-limiting, enduring less than three months irrespective of intervention. † Additionally, â€Å" chronic back hurting is a more hard job, which frequently has a strong psychological sheathing: work dissatisfaction, ennui, and a generous compensation system contribute to it. Among the diagnosings offered for chronic hurting is fibromyalgia, an urban status that does non differ materially from other cases of widespread chronic hurting. Although disc bulges detected on X ray are frequently blamed, they seldom are responsible for the hurting, and surgery is rarely successful at relieving it. † There are many si gnifiers of redress and direction options for lower dorsum hurting but surveies have non revealed any of them being outstanding and superior to others. Harmonizing to WHO Advisory Panel, â€Å" common result steps to be used to judge the efficaciousness of interventions for surveies. † 2Low back hurting can non be categorized as a disease or even a diagnostic entity. The term is merely used to depict hurting on an country of the organic structure that is so normally affected that it has become a paradigm of responses to external and internal stimulation. â€Å" The incidences and prevalence of low back hurting are approximately the same universe over ( Wherever epidemiological informations have been gathered or estimations made ) but such hurting ranks high as a cause of disablement and inability to work, as an intervention of the quality of life and as the cause for medical audiences. † 2 However, in many instances the cause of lower dorsum strivings is vague, and mer ely in minority of the instances does a direct nexus to some defined organic disease exist. There are many hazard factors that have been identified as related to trouble in the lower dorsum. Contrary to popular belief, the vertical position of worlds depends on the normal curvatures of the spine- such curvatures are non hence really the cause of lower dorsum hurting. Other factors such as fleshiness and gestation, which distort the curvature of the spinal column, can nevertheless ensue to endorse hurting. Some activities such as jogging and running on cement roads instead than clinker paths, heavy lifting, and prolonged sitting are other factors that can arouse lower back hurting. However, strong psychological factors besides play a function in lower dorsum hurting. There are a myriad of low back upset hazard factors, these are frequently classified into restrictive classs that include biomechanical, psychosocial and single hazard factors. Each of these groups of hazard factors has a huge measure of literature analyzing how specific hazard factors within the group relate to the hazard of lower dorsum upset. â€Å" Biomechanical hazard factors include such factors as lifting, bending, writhing, pushing/pulling, transporting heavy physical work, frequence, position and quiver. These have been good established in a batch of literature as factors for low dorsum upsets. † In order to pull off and forestall low dorsum upsets due to biomechanical exposures hazard factors, governments in most developed states have come up with threshold bound values based on recent biomechanical, psychophysical and epidemiological literature available. In the US this was done in 2001 by the American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists ( ACGIH ) . Psychosocial hazard factors may impact the patients ‘ psychological response to their activities ( work ) and act upon the hazard of low dorsum upsets. For illustration, mental work load was associated with the hazard of low back hurting symptoms. In reviewed literature, a figure of research workers have found that increased work load more than doubles the odds of lower dorsum upset. It has besides been discovered that depending on personality type, psychosocially nerve-racking environments lead to increased musculus coactivity, which increases spinal burden and hazard of lower dorsum pain.2 From this background, it can be concluded that the psychosocial hazard factors play a really of import and complex function for occupationally related low back upsets. Individual hazard factors besides referred to as personal hazard factors such as age, gender, smoke, race and old ages of experience on occupation are biological elements that have long been established as hazard factors for low dorsum upsets. Review of epidemiological facet of low back hurting in industry reveals that maximal frequence of symptoms occurs between the ages of 35 and 55. Older workers have been found to be more susceptible to high-cost back hurts than younger workers. Age fluctuation in the literature may be created by the cut cut-points in age classs every bit good as definitions of low back hurting or causes of lost clip ensuing from such hurting. The chief end of this reappraisal is to compare the assorted psychosocial and biological hazard factors that result to take down back upsets by exemplifying how the battalion of hazard factors within each group influence low back upset hazard. Most of the literature illustrates that each of the research workers has progressed within each group of hazard factors yet few research surveies have examined multiple groups. It is nevertheless hypothesized that each of the groups contributes to the overall hazard of low back upset. Consequently, the purpose of this reappraisal is to foreground the findings of each research with respect to psychosocial hazard factors and biological hazard factors in a comparative manner. The surveies in this reappraisal will be grouped harmonizing to the related hazard factors being examined. There are four major groups of hazard factors that will be examined in the reappraisal and these will include fleshiness, physical burden, psycho-social factors and smoking severally. However before reappraisal of these hazard factors the epidemiology and etiology of lower dorsum hurting will be examined foremost.2.0 Consequences of ReviewLiterature Search and Data ManagementThis literature reappraisal involved the hunt of four electronic libraries. The hunt covered the period between A ­1999 to 2010 in order to place surveies measuring societal and biological hazard factors for low back hurting. The scheme employed in the hunt chiefly involved uniting major footings related to the subject including lower back hurting, muscoskeletal upsets, psychosocial hazard factors, biological hazard factors, and work. The footings besides included free text-words and capable headers specif ic to each database. The process was chiefly based on guidelines for effectual searching.1 Information from the â€Å" aid † subdivision of each database was besides used apart from audience with a medical bibliothec.Inclusion and exclusion standardsIn this reappraisal, muscoskeletal hurting or hurts non associating to the lower dorsum were non included. To be eligible, the articles had to: A survey of hazard factors or a hazard factor for low back hurting in the grownup population. It should hold been published within the last 10 old ages, which is between 2002 and 2012. The survey should describe statistically important association between hazard factor and lower back hurting. Be equal reviewed, published in English and published in full text. Case surveies and cross-sectional surveies were non included in this reappraisal as these designs are non ideal to place determiners of a wellness condition.3 these are more appropriate to measure casualty which is non the instance for this reappraisal.Screening procedureThe reappraisal involved thorough â€Å" showing of the rubrics and abstracts of all identified commendations after which the full texts of the available and potentially eligible surveies were retrieved. The mention lists of all retrieved surveies were besides screened for extra relevant articles. †Evaluation procedureThe methodological quality of the eligible surveies was evaluated in relation to whether they fulfilled the standards for intervention of casualty or nor, and how likely deceptive factors ( opportunity, prejudice, and confusing factors ) affected the consequences. The major standards applied in measuring a possible causal relationship included: strength of association, consistence between surveie s, temporalty and coherency. Hazard factors were considered consistent if more than one survey reported their association with the result of involvement. â€Å" Coherence † means that an association is consistent with the natural history and biological science of the investigated upset.Literature Search and EvaluationEpidemiology: Survey 1 ( Seeking Care for Low Back Pain in the General Population4 )The chief topic of this survey is care for low back hurting. The survey chiefly aimed to â€Å" look into different facets of low back and neck-shoulder hurting in the general working population. This survey was designed to be a population-based case-referent probe. † The research was designed as a 2-year followup survey conducted to look into new patients seeking attention for lower dorsum hurting from all the health professionals in a specific part which had a population of about 17,000 work forces and adult females aged between 20 and 59 old ages. This was aimed at depic ting care-seeking behaviour for low back hurting in the general population described. The methodological analysis of the survey involved aggregation of informations on personal, medical, and occupational history from all the patients traveling through a clinical examination4. The survey chiefly focused on look intoing different facets of lower dorsum hurting and neck-shoulder hurting. The survey characterizes hurting, disablement, and ill leave tendencies among the patients involved every bit good as analyzing forecasters of recovery. In add-on the survey besides focused on happening a simple manner of sorting low back hurting in the epidemiological surveies as an appropriate intercession. The primary consequences of this survey indicated that whereas about 50 % of the patients went to doctors and physical therapists for intervention, the staying 50 % went to health professionals. The survey farther reported that some betterments in hurting and disablement were reported by patients after 3 months, but after that non many other betterments were reported. The consequences from the follow-up period showed that about 70 % of the attention searchers had non gone for ill leave in the follow-up period4. Further, attention seeking during this period was non associated with decreased hurting disablement. The survey did non happen any prognostic factors for recovery and the survey gathered gave information about hurting distribution that was more or less similar to that found in other clinical scrutinies. The strength of this survey is that it involved a big community and a big figure of respondents to be examined therefore cut downing the degrees of prejudice and increasing the assurance degrees of the findings. However the survey had the chief failing of this survey is that its general liability may be challenged because of its restriction to merely one part.Etiology: Survey 1 ( Lumbar Disc Degeneration: Epidemiology and Genetic Influences5 )The chief topic of this survey is lumbar disc devolution. The survey begins by giving the general definition of epidemiology saying that it refers to the survey of happening rates. It is these happening rates that this survey focuses on every bit far as lumbar phonograph record devolution ( which is a major cause of lower dorsum hurting ) is concerned. The survey is fundamentally designed as a literature reappraisal. It involved a elaborate reappraisal of literature conducted on the prevalence of disc devolution. The reappraisal was followed by summarisation of the documents reviewed with peculiar accent on surveies of familial influences. The reappraisal fundamentally involved treatment of the rubrics, methods and consequences of each research in the documents reviewed followed by presentation of the findings as a sum-up. This survey focused on synthesising the scientific literature on the prevalence of lumbar phonograph record devolution and factors associated with its happening, these included familial influences. The ultimate purpose was to roll up an stock list of all factors associated with lumbar phonograph record devolution by assorted surveies. The chief primary consequences of this reappraisal included coverage of utmost fluctuations in the reported prevalence of specific degenerative findings of the lumbar spinal column among surveies. It was revealed that these utmost fluctuations can non be explained wholly by age or other identifiable age factors. The survey indicates that from the findings, it is likely that these fluctuations are due, in great portion, to incompatibilities in instance definitions and measurings, which are impending research on the epidemiology of lumbar phonograph record devolution. The reappraisal besides revealed that research conducted in the past 10 old ages has resulted to improved apprehension of the etiology of disc devolution. It farther indicated that although antecedently, heavy physical burden was identified as the major hazard factor ensuing to devolution of the phonograph record, consequences of exposure-discordant monozygotic and duplicate surveies indicated that physical lading ensuing from work and athleticss plays a comparatively little function in disc devolution, beyond that of positions and everyday activities of day-to-day life. The chief strength of this survey is that it reviews the findings of several surveies that have been carried out on the lumbar phonograph record devolution and therefore it draws from a good deepness of scientific findings to make its decisions and avoids prejudice. The major failing though is that the assorted surveies reviewed had different designs and this did non aim a specific group of the society, this makes the consequences a spot inconsistent and undependable for a specific age group or business group.Etiology: Survey 2 ( Body Weight and Low Back Pain6 )This survey is a â€Å" systematic literature reappraisal of 56 journal articles describing on 65epidemiologic surveies. The chief aim of the reappraisal of literature is to set up if there is a â€Å" existent association between organic structure weight and low back hurting ( LBP ) and whether the nexus is causal. † The design of the survey involves as systematic reappraisal of the epidemiologic literature. The chief focal point or intercession of this reappraisal was to transport out an probe into whether there is grounds of a definite association between the organic structure weight and LBP in the epidemiologic literature reviewed. Apart from that, the reappraisal besides aimed to analyze whether there is grounds for causality, utilizing Bradford Hill ‘s classical standards which entail strength of association, dose-response relationship, temporalty, reversibility of symptoms, and consistence of findings.6 differences in survey result were besides sought for several other factors. The consequences of the reappraisal were fundamentally that â€Å" 32 per centum of all the surveies that were reviewed reported a statistically important positive weak association between organic structure weight and LBP. â€Å" Further, surveies that fulfilled the â€Å" station hoc standards ne'er report a rate ratio of above 2 ; but there is ever a possibility of a positive biological gradient. † Apart from that the reappraisal besides found out that the surveies had no information on temporalty or reversibility of and therefore there was no obvious consistence of findings. Therefore based on the findings, â€Å" the survey concluded that due to miss of grounds, organic structure weight should be considered a possible weak hazard index, nevertheless it besides pointed out that there was deficient informations to measure if it was a true cause of LBP. † This is an evidently strong reappraisal into the relationship between low back hurting and organic structure weigh because it is based on the reappraisal of a big figure of surveies. The figure of surveies used and the instances they cover offer the reappraisal a big border of assurance about the findings. The outstanding failing is that the reappraisal examines a big figure of surveies but offers a instead shallow sum of findings, deficiency of limitation to a few outstanding factors makes the decision of the survey a spot excessively broad.Fleshiness: Survey 1 ( Is Obesity Overrated as a â€Å" Risk Factor † for Poor Outcomes in Chronic Occupational Spinal Disorders? 7 )The chief topic of this survey is scrutiny of the function of fleshiness as a possible hazard factor taking to moo back hurting in chronic work-related spinal upsets. The survey subject suggests that the survey is nearing fleshiness as a perchance overrated hazard factor and seeks to happen out if that is tru e. The chief focal point of the survey is on the possible function of fleshiness as a hazard factor in those patients holding chronic work related spinal upsets that are merely at the beginning of a Restoration plan. Spinal upsets are closely associated with lower dorsum hurting. The survey utilized an extended study affecting subdivision of the sample population into groups and utilizing telephone interviews to transport out post-rehabilitation study. The whole procedure involved appraisal of patients ‘ pre-intervention and post-intervention utilizing questionnaires validated and designed several facets associating to take down back hurting. The primary consequences of this survey indicated that there was a high prevalence of fleshiness in the population that was surveyed with merely 22 % of the patients being ‘normal ‘ ( BMI & lt ; 25 ) . Over 43 % of the patients were corpulent ( BMI & gt ; 30 ) . The findings besides revealed a important tendency for bit by bit diminishing figure of males as fleshiness increased. Significant degrees of high blood pressure were besides progressively associated with fleshiness. The survey nevertheless indicated the deficiency of important differences in the location of hurt or continuance of disablement among the groups investigated. There were besides no important differences in all the socioeconomic results. From these findings, the survey concluded that fleshiness indicated more prevalence and badness in chronic upsets of the spinal column related to work at the concluding phase of long intervention in the functional Restoration plan. It besides indicated that fleshiness is non an independent hazard factor in the instance of socioeconomic affecting work position, extra wellness use, or perennial hurt claims.Fleshiness: Survey 2 ( Low Back Pain and Lifestyle. â€Å" Part II- Obesity: Information from a Population-based Sample of 29,424 Twin Subjects8 ) †This survey focuses on the relationship between low back hurting and life style with fleshiness being the chief facet related to lifestyle under probe. The survey recognizes the big figure of epidemiological surveies refering fleshiness but acknowledges the deficiency of lucidity about whether fleshiness and low back hurting are positively associated. Therefore the chief focal point of the survey is to find whether fleshiness is associated with low back hurting and if so, â€Å" whether the association is causal. The design of this survey involved a cross-sectional postal study. The fact that the survey involved information from a population-based sample of over 20 nine thousand duplicate topi cs well increases the cogency of its consequences. The application of twin topics besides strengthens the consequences more than if twins would non hold been used because each twin acts as a control experiment to the spouse. The chief failing of the survey lies in the period at which the information was collected. The mark population included Danish twins born between 1953 and 1982. This is a period in which fleshiness was non a existent issue in society and hence the consequences may non reflect the existent association between fleshiness and lower back hurting in the present clip particularly in states where fleshiness is chronic like the USA.Fleshiness: Survey 3 ( Effect of fleshiness and low back hurting on spinal mobility: a cross sectional survey in women9 )The chief topic in this survey is the consequence of fleshiness and low back hurting in spinal mobility as indicated in the rubric. The survey focuses on a cross subdivision of adult females. The chief focal point of the survey is to use a cross subdivision of adult females in the nonsubjective appraisal of the position and map of the spinal column during standing, flexure and sidelong bending in corpulent topics with and without chronic lower back hurting and to look into the function of fleshiness in chronic lower back hurting. The designed utilised in this survey is a cross-section. The survey involves 13 corpulent topics, 13 corpulent topics with chronic lower back hurting and 11 wellness topics. Chiefly, the survey revealed that fleshiness was characterized by a by and large reduced ROM of the spinal column, due to a reduced mobility at both the pelvic and pectoral degree ; a inactive postural version with an increased front tooth pelvic joust. The survey besides revealed that fleshiness with chronic lower back hurting is associated with an increased degree of lumbar hollow-back. It was besides found out from the survey that in sidelong bending, fleshiness with chronic lower back hurting is associated with a reduced ROM of the lumbar and pectoral spinal column, whereas fleshiness on its ain appears to impact merely the thoracic curve. From the findings, the survey concluded that those persons with chronic lower back hurting showed higher grade of spinal damage when compared to those without chronic lower back hurting. The chief strength of the survey is that it uses three groups of adult females, those enduring fleshiness, those corpulent but with chronic lower back hurting and those without both. This acts as a really strong footing for comparing and mostly validates the findings. However the chief failing is that the findings may non be applied to work forces because they can be challenged on the footing of basic physiological differences between the two genders.Physical burden: Survey 1 ( Lumbar Disc Degeneration: Epidemiology and Genetic Influences )The chief topic in this survey is the epidemiology and familial influences of lumbar phonograph record devolution. The survey focuses on the synthesis of scientific literature on the prevalence of lumbar phonograph record devolution and factors associated with its happening, including familial influences. The survey is a literature reappraisal. After reappraisal of a figure of the literature on a figure of researches, the survey revealed that there are utmost fluctuations in the reported prevalence of specific degenerative findings of the lumbar spinal column among surveies. The findings revel farther that this devolution can non be explained wholly by age or other identifiable hazard factors. It is pointed out that there is the likeliness of these fluctuations ensuing in great portion, from incompatibilities in instance definitions and measurings which are impending research on the epidemiology of disc devolution. The survey, like another one discussed earlier, points out that antecedently, heavy physical burden was the hazard factor chiefly suspected for disc devolution but that consequences of exposure-discordant monozygotic and authoritative twin surveies indicated that physical burden ensuing from activities associating to work or feature play a really little function in devolution of the phonograph record beyond that of unsloped positions and everyday activities carried out in day-to-day life. The survey farther revels that research carried out late points to a great function of heredity in disc devolution, explicating the 74 % of the discrepancy in grownup populations studied to day of the month.Physical burden: Survey 3 ( Biomechanics of Increased Exposure to Lumbar Injury Caused by Cyclic Loading11 )The chief topic of this survey is to analyze the biomechanics associating to increase in exposure to hurts impacting the lumbar ensuing from cyclic burden. The survey chiefly focuses on mus culus stableness recovery with remainder. The research design applied in the survey was experimental. This involved usage of an electromyography to enter the responses from the lumbar multifidus of a cat in vivo. The survey chiefly focused on finding the rate at which automatic muscular stableness would be recovered during remainder after initiation of viscoelastic laxness ensuing from 50 proceedingss of cyclic burden. The consequences of the survey show that the loss of automatic muscular stabilizing activity induced by the laxness developed in the viscoelastic constructions by 50 proceedingss of cyclic burden was recovered 20 % to 255 at the terminal of a 10-minute remainder. Further minor recovery of 5 % to 10 % occurred in about 20 or 30 proceedingss clip, and an extra 1 % to 2 % recovery was observed after 2hours of remainder. The response loads ensuing from electromyography activity were increasing at a really slow rate afterwards. Complete recovery did non happen in the 2-hour remainder period.Physical burden: Survey 4 ( Disc Height and Signal Intensity of the Nucleus Pulposus on Magnetic Resonance Imaging as Indexs of Lumbar Disc Degeneration12 )The topic of this survey is chiefly the survey of lumbar phonograph record devolution with the usage of magnetic resonance imagination. The survey utilizes an experimental design whereby magnetic resonance imagination ( MRI ) is applied in the cross -sectional survey of how the lumbar spinal column perverts. The research involves scrutiny of a sum of 41 workers runing machines, 41 carpenters working in building sites, and 46 churchmans working in office, all these aged between 4o to 45 old ages, 22 pupils aged between 18 and 20 old ages are besides examined. All the scrutinies are carried out utilizing sagittal magnetic resonance imagination. From the survey it was revealed that immature workers recorded the lowest highs of phonograph record while exhibiting the highest strengths of signal. The phonograph record height recordings bit by bit increased from the workers making sedentary work ( office ) to the 1s transporting out more physical activities at all phonograph record degrees. It was further revealed that the comparative strength if the signal indicated diminishing phonograph record tallness in all workers at all signal degrees. In additive mold, the strength of the signal in relation to the businesss, in mention to the immature pupils, showed a important consequence on phonograph record tallness. The findings led to the decision that â€Å" comparative signal strength was lower in the middle-aged work forces than in the immature work forces, bespeaking age related disc devolution. Despite the general positive association between phonograph record narrowing and reduced comparative signal strength, disc contracting may act out of the blue in relation to signal strength and age. Therefore, signal strength may be a more sensitive step of disc devolution. † The strength of this survey is that it presents a good method for the survey of disc devolution. The findings aid to foreground the importance of magnetic resonance imagination and peculiarly signal strength as a method of mensurating disc devolution. This is really of import towards the direction of low back hurting as disc devolution is one of the major causes.Smoke: Survey 1 ( Effect of Nicotine on Spinal Disc Cells: A Cellular Mechanism for Disc Degeneration13 )The chief topic in this survey is how nicotine affects spinal phonograph record cells. The survey investigates cellular mechanism in which disc decomposition can happen with the influence of nicotine. This survey is designed as an experimental probe with the purpose of finding the consequence of nicotine on the intervertebral spinal phonograph record karyon pulposus ( NP ) cells cultured in vitro. The survey aims to measure the effects of nicotine on cell proliferation, extracellular matrix production, and viability of NP cells in 3-dimensional alginate concepts cultured in vitro. The survey carried this out through research lab experiments using civilized bovine chondrocytic interverterbral phonograph record cells. The findings of this survey revealed that â€Å" there was both a dosage and time-dependent response to nicotine, with concepts cultured in low-nicotine concentration media showing an early addition in DNA, GAG, and collagen content, while concepts cultured in high nicotine concentration media demonstrated a late lessening in these parametric quantities. † Immunochemistry revealed the â€Å" presence of type I collagen on the extracellular matrix instead than the normal type II collagen seen in the controls. † In decision the survey observed that nicotine has an overall damaging consequence on NP phonograph record cells cultured in vitro. There was important suppression of cell proliferation and extracellular matrix synthesis. It was besides concluded that nicotine in baccy may hold a function in pathogenesis of disc devolution. The chief strength of this survey is that it reveals scientific consequences utilizing existent research lab experiments which were able to associate nicotine straight with disc devolution. This besides shows that ingestion of nicotine is associated with lower dorsum hurting. The lone failing is that the usage of bovid intervertebral phonograph record cells may non supply the same consequences as if existent human cells were applied therefore go forthing room for uncertainty.Smoke: Survey 2 ( Smoking and Low Back Pain14 )This survey involved the literature reappraisal of 41 journal articles describing 47 epidemiologic surveies. The chief topic of the survey was to seek and set up the nexus of smoke and low back hurting by reexamining journal articles affecting surveies that have been carried out about the same. The survey design fundamentally involved a systematic reappraisal of the epidemiologic literature on smoke and low back hurting. The chief focal point and aim of the survey was to set up whether smoking consequences to moo back hurting and whether surcease of smoking reduces the incidence and/or prevalence of low back hurting. Basically, the 41 original research studies that presented 47 surveies, all of them published between 1974 and 1996 were reviewed. The chief focal point of the reappraisal was proving the strength of association, dose response correlativity, temporalty, decrease of symptoms with smoke surcease, and consistence of findings. The presence of positive findings was viewed in visible radiation of the definition of low back hurting. The consequences of the reappraisal revealed that there was no consistence of statistically important positive associations between smoking and low back hurting. The association, when nowadays, was normally weak and clearly evident merely in big survey samples. The reappraisal showed that no other survey features had an consequence on the frequence of positive associations. In position of these, extra analyses were performed on surveies with big samples. In general, these did non incorporate consistent positive findings in relation to dose-response, temporalty, or reversibility. The decision was made that soon, smoking should be considered a weak hazard indictor and non a cause of low back hurting. The strength of this survey lies in the fact that reappraisal of a big sample of surveies analyzing the relationship between smoke and lower back hurting produces consequences that attract greater assurance.Psychosocial factors: Systematic Review of Psychosocial Factors at Work and Private Life as Risk Factors for Back Pain15The chief topic of this survey was reappraisal of psychosocial factors moving as hazard factors for back hurting either at place or at work. The design of the survey entails a systematic reappraisal of experimental surveies. The chief purpose of the survey was to measure whether psychosocial factors at work every bit good as in private life are risk factors for the happening of back hurting. The method applied involved a computerized bibliographical hunt of databases restricted to surveies with a cohort or case-control design. The survey revealed that there was strong grounds for low societal support in the workplace and low occupation satisfaction as hazard factors for back hurting. The survey did non happen sufficient grounds for a an consequence on a high work topographic point, high qualitative demands, low occupation content, low occupation control, and psychosocial factors in private life. In decision the survey pointed out that grounds was found for an consequence of low workplace societal support and low occupation satisfaction. Based on the reappraisal, there is grounds for an consequence of work-related psychosocial factors, but grounds for the function of specific factors has non been established yet.3.0 DecisionThe systematic reappraisal carried out on the assorted surveies in this paper confirm a plausible causal relationships between some normally reported hazard factors such as high biomechanical and psychosocial demands, smoke, high organic structure mass index, and the presence of co-morbi dities. The consequences of recent longitudinal surveies have confirmed some of the findings in the old reappraisals that have evaluated causal relationships between the hazard factors and specific types of Work Related Muscoskeletal Disorders ( WMSD ) . This reappraisal besides highlights the scarce grounds sing some of the often reported hazard factors for lower dorsum hurting. It is of import to underscore that the deficiency of grounds for a causal relationship between factors and low back hurting does non needfully uncover that the factor is non a hazard, but points out that farther probe is required. Factors do non necessitate surveies demoing that they are so hazards in order to impact musculoskeletal wellness. Similarly, the factors reported more often are non needfully the 1s with the highest degree of grounds showing their causal relationship with work low back hurting. Finally, the hazard factors showing a specific degree of grounds associated with them are non the lone 1s that should be considered ; they are merely the 1s that have already been tested. In visible radiation of this decision, future research and possible practical application of the findings is proposed.

MMR Vaccine Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

MMR Vaccine - Essay Example Prior to introduction of the vaccine, the most common cause of meningitis related to virus was mumps (NHS, 2004). Mumps is also in the stage of wiping-out because of the vaccine. Even the impact of rubella on fetuses has drastically decreased due to the vaccine. MMR has always been given as a combination vaccine and separate vaccination programme was never there in the United Kingdom (NHS, 2004). Thus, MMR is a very effective vaccine. However, several concerns have been raised by some experts about the safety of these vaccines because of reports of some studies pointing to the development of various complications like asthma, Guillain-Barre Syndrome, Crohns disease, Autism and Subacute Sclerosing Panencephalitis (Mediinfo, 2004). Of interest is a major study by Wakefiled et al (1998) published in the popular magazine Lancet which linked mumps vaccine to autism. According to this study, MMR vaccine can lead to autism spectrum disorders with associated enterocolitis. In the study, parents of eight out of 12 children who presented with "history of normal development followed by loss of acquired skills, including language, together with diarrhea and abdominal pain" (Wakefiled et al, 1998) reported that the onset of symptoms were after administration of MMR vaccine. This was a major breakthrough study that forced the UK government to discontinue the vaccine until further research . Based on the reports of the study, the rates of vaccination of MMR vaccine dropped dramatically (McIntyre and Leask, 2008), leading to an increase in the incidence of mumps and measles and their associated complications like morbidity and mortality (Pepys, 2007). The reports of the study were investigated by a journalist by name Brian Deer who discovered the fact that the main researcher of the study, Andrew Wakefield had some conflicts of interest that were

The cold War and Masculinity Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

The cold War and Masculinity - Essay Example The Cuban missile crisis had been the most glaring example of a possible nuclear war. While the possibility still remains valid today, the menace appeared more eminent in cold war era. The cold war can actually be compared to a chauvinist conflict, whereupon both nations involved tried to use their supposed technological supremacy as a tool to undermine the influence of other nation. This notion is quite obvious in Stanley Kubrick's movie "Dr Strangelove: or How I learned to stop worrying and love the bomb", as well in the text authored by Nobel Peace Prize laureate Joseph Rotblat, "A war-free world". Though the cold war no longer exists but the situation in Iran, Iraq and the role of International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) has again compelled this world to think of a very different approach towards nuclear deterrence. Mohamed ElBaradei, the eminent scientist who is heading IAEA while giving a lecture at Stanford, called for a new commitment from the peace loving world to go for nu clear disarmament rather than nuclear deterrence. The human urge to use things of mass destruction in satisfying their hatred and paranoia has been the main theme of the movie Dr. Strangelove. Right at the start of the movie,

Business Ethics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 3

Business Ethics - Essay Example The origins of the Kantian theory are from the Principles of Morals and Legislation in the year 1863. According to Kantian theory, there should be an attempt to make the world a better place and then to pursue the greatest good for an entire mass. Utility is to generate favourable impacts on the intrinsic values like, pleasure, preferences, ideas and happiness. According to Kant, the ethical values are recognized and are essential for identifying the second test of universalizabilty because more than often values are recognized in contradictions (Dimitriou et al, 2011). The rational beings are recognized as the individuals with the potentiality of the defining motives which are universally acceptable and widely recognized. The Kantian theory has provided me with significant inputs which have acted as a catalyst in the improvisation of my existing behaviour and performance in the existing organization. It has helped me to understand the significant difference between morality assumpti ons and rational choices (George, 2011). There have been various instances in my life where the solutions have stemmed out of Kantianism theory and have offered powerful moral insights and also, have helped in the reduction of the moral disagreements (Holme, 2008). The conflicts arising out of difference of opinions were resolved due to Kantianism theory (Pollock, 2011).The conflicts arising between family members due to difference in personal opinions, were settled with the guidance of Kantianism theory. The conflicts triggered by moral disagreements arising out of personated choices have been solved with the help of the guiding perspective of Kantianism theory. This thesis is utilized to refute idealism theories and states that these values within the ethical systems are of much worth. The theory lays emphasis on the fact that most of the moral values and ethical standards practiced by the society are justifiable. The unethical conduct practices in the organization are due to the failure of implementation of the moral values and standards. The permanent values cannot be embedded into the systems and is found to provide fruitfulness to the ethical theories and systems. The only minuscule difference is that it identifies the difference between the precepts behind the ethical principles and standards. However, this theory has various loopholes and lacks to serve the purpose of a guide. It is possible that an individual can face such a situation in any organization and thus, the employees can monitor the ethical system themselves. Utilitarianism Theory The Utilitarianism theory was evolved by Jeremy Bentham and suggests that a movement should focus on the right action which would serve the benefits of the mass. An action is either right or wrong, but if the action serves the welfare of a majority of the people, then it is following the guided path of the Utilitarianism concept (Roff, 2013). It is a technique which determines the moral value of an action. It help s us in judging the possibility of effects of our actions from the past on that of our present (Roff, 2013). The basic intention of this theory helps to unfold the reasons behind the implementation of moral values and ethics in a society or company. It is a systematic process to justify the moral standards of

Mandarin Oriental Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4000 words

Mandarin Oriental - Essay Example The company begun when it is opened its flagship property in Hong Kong in 1963. The property was known as The Mandarin and developed into a luxurious and reputable hotel. The Mandarin International hotels were formed in 1974. The group intended to spread to the entire Asia (Kotler & Bowen 2006). The strategy was to maintain or expand the standards that had been set by the pioneer branch at Hong Kong (Smith 2010). The company expanded further and acquired property in Bangkok. The Oriental property, which was already a legendary property, was acquired from Bangkok. The management had to facilitate the merger of two strong brands to come up with Mandarin Oriental in the year 1985. From 1990, the company expanded globally and now operation in many countries (Kotler & Bowen 2006). When MOHG was launched the company publicly in Hong Kong stock exchange, there was a need for the company come up with a symbol that represented the image of the company’s elegance (Smith 2010). The elega nce of the symbol would become crucial in representing the image and the charm of the group (Hiebing &Cooper 2004). The company came up with a logo through a recognized design house called Pentagram (Thompson & Martin 2005). The logo took the design of a fan. It is one of the most recognized logos in the world when it comes to the tourism industry (Thompson & Martin 2005). The company encourages all the Mandarin Oriental hotels to come up with their own unique fans to reflect their own individuality (Dobson & Starkey 1993). Each hotel is adjusted to the environment it is located and represents the goals of the company in the local environment. The company places value in originality and is keen to ensure that each branch established a connection with its local market (Smith 2010). Mission and vision The company has a vision of attaining acknowledgement as the world’s most excellent lodge grouping. It has an intention of satisfying and delight their customers (Kotler & Bowen 2 006). According to Ettdgui, the company aims at escalating the operational accommodation to 10,001. The company is committed to making difference continually (Kotler & Bowen 2006). The company aims at improving to maintain its market share and revenues. According to Mandarin Oriental Hotel Group (2009), the company is committed to making a difference through employee development programs. The mission demonstrates the uniqueness of the company in terms of its approach to the target market and to remain competitive. Objectives and the Future of MOHGs The company is targeting to understand the guest’s needs by paying attention to their requests and responding with accuracy and precision (Smith 2010). MOHG hopes to be able to deliver products and services that meet the customer expectations (Thompson & Martin 2005). The company is emphasizing on accountability and sharing of responsibility in order to achieve its goals in an atmosphere of teamwork (Dobson & Starkey 1993). The fut ure of the company as indicated its goals is to remain a market leader through training and career development (Hiebing &Cooper 2004). The company has an interest in surpassing the customer expectation through creating an experience (Dobson & Starkey 1993). The company has singled out creativity and innovation as prerequisites to remaining at the helm of the hotel and tourism industry in the world (Thompson & Marti

Assignment on Politics (major constitutional changes) Essay

Assignment on Politics (major constitutional changes) - Essay Example After 2010 elections, the government became the first formal coalition since the second world war. The Coalition has been made between Liberal Democrats and The Conservatives. Both parties now have the same plan for the government as they give promises about solving different issues in the UK. As such many new reforms have been proposed and implemented in this new political environment. This essay will discuss the political changes that have been presented by the new coalition government. One of these changes is tax changes. According to this change is "the most radical for a decade", and it affects everyone whether they are rich, poor, unemployed or employed. People think that the policy of increasing the tax-free personal allowance to 10,000 GBP is too much, but this policy allows an individual to keep more of his income before tax, and decrease the need to the government money.... Within these changes perhaps the largest is the introduction of a Freedom Bill. This bill does away with, â€Å"ID cards, the National Identity register and the ContactPoint database, and halt the next generation of biometric passports† (â€Å"Policy-by-policy: The Coaltiion,† 2010). Still, a growing number of critics have noted that the coalition government has not gone far enough in establishing civil liberty reforms. It’s noted that, â€Å"the people with the passion, audacity and sacrifice who set the Freedom Bill in motion are being sidelined† (â€Å"The coalition government,† 2011). Another civil rights aspect is the implementation of consumer protection measures. This included banning excessive interest rates on credit cards and placing a seven-day wait period for store cards. Furthermore, credit card companies will need to provide better information to consumers and put it in electronic format so they can figure out if they are getting the b est deal. A large amount of consideration has also been given to local and community government change. In these regards they have proposed a freeze council tax in England for an indefinite period. They also are trying to have mayors elected directly from the 12 largest English cities. They also are trying to stop the general restructure of councils throughout many parts of Great Britain. Local and community crime is another major area of concern. Health and safety laws and being amended through ‘common sense policing’. Greater levels of transparency are also being developed in terms of crime and policing. For instance, local police agencies are now being required to publish statistics about crime and crime rates every month. New attention has also been given to

The understanding of language learning Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

The understanding of language learning - Article Example The view of learning as changing participation is radically different from theories of second language (L2) acquisition that frame language learning as a cognitive process residing in the mind-brain of an individual learner. Many scholars in the cognitive tradition have accepted a view of language as a set of clearly delineated and internally coherent structures that are best understood as a self-contained system. The methodology followed here is that of participatory research and the main limitation of the same is the possibility of bias of the researcher owing to his or her involvement. Not enough is said about the unbiased nature of the method though we find that the researcher learns in the process. Moreover, a cross-sectional analysis would have led to a more justifiable and generalized set of results. The method followed here is a specific case though structured longitudinally. Also, the main limitation of the study is the inability to capture the ethnic or racial differences r eflected in the discursive practice because the study is based on a Vietnamese learner. The representations of the findings and the final analysis or conclusion of the researchers are presented in a complex manner and at times the observations are repetitive in nature. Even considering all limitations, the purpose and findings of the study are interesting and revealing in the area of discursive practice and the interactional process of research. ... The methodology followed here is that of participatory research and the main limitation of the same is the possibility of bias of the researcher owing to his or her involvement. Not enough is said about the unbiased nature of the method though we find that the researcher learns in the process. Moreover a cross sectional analysis would have led to a more justifiable and generalized set of results. The method followed here is a specific case though structured longitudinally. Also the main limitation of the study is the inability to capture the ethnic or racial differences reflected in the discursive practice because the study is based on a Vietnamese learner. The representations of the findings and the final analysis or conclusion of the researchers are presented in a complex manner and at times the observations are repetitive in nature. Even considering all limitations, the purpose and findings of the study are interesting and revealing in the area of discursive practice and interacti onal process of research. Capturing the over time changes in communication is the most significant part of the research. Again study explores both verbal and non verbal methods of communication which makes it more complete though not very inclusive in terms of sample choice. Excerpts i. Just before the opening of revision talk in the first conference, in Excerpt 1 â€Å"the instructor and student discuss a tragic event in the student’s life that he had written about in his paper. Years before, he had stepped on a land mine in his native country of Vietnam and, as a result, lost part of a leg. Although the event was mentioned in the student’s paper and, thus, we could say the topic of their interaction emerged from the text, their conversation focuses on topics not mentioned

Political science Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 2

Political science - Essay Example In fact, national democracy is one of the key sources of such transactional cost, since it provides sovereign risk and regulates rules at the border. In addition, national democracy reduces chances of global risks by providing regulations and supervision of financial intermediaries (Rodrik, 212). Therefore, it is important that global federalism be adopted where democratic politics is aligned with global markets. Consequently, it is important that the national state is maintained and the needs of international economy are also catered for. As a result of this, the nation will in most cases pursue the objective of achieving global economic integration before considering other objectives. The national democracy can also be used in order to reduce the goals and visions of the international economic integration and going for limited globalization as was witnessed in post war in Bretton Woods’s regime where there was more capital control and minimal trade liberalization (Rodrik, 102). Although, this system led to failure of the approach given, it is thus important that for more globalization to be achieved, national democracy or national sovereignty must be reduced. Furthermore, this clearly illustrates that national democracy is one of the factors that determine the state and pace of globalization in a country. The potential effect of globalization is the reduction of national democracy, which also reduces global fiscal competition. In that sense, it is important that democracy be provided in a way that promotes civil rights, although this will lead to low economic growth but cause high social stability. In addition, this can help in expanding global civil rights (Rodrik, 110). This also clearly indicates that economics is an important political decision-making processes that requires global order. Furthermore, although globalization is one of the factors for economic growth in both rich and poor countries, it is currently producing a different result

Saving Time Essay Example for Free

Saving Time Essay Time management determines by the difference between successful and unsuccessful people. Successful people are able to balance the goals they wish to achieve and duties. And this success comes from their ability to their time optimally in light of their objectives. There are two types in our lives: Type I: A difficult time organizing, or managing how much time we spend in our basic needs such as eating, comfort, family relations and social mission. It is a time cannot use it a lot in what has been designated a degree of importance to keeping equilibrium in our life. Type II: Time that can be organized and managed to devote to work, our own lives. Can we take advantage of this time? Can we optimize our productivity? Before I give some advices for time management. I have to describe some of the reasons wasting time. Time wasting is defined as: all that prevents you from effectively achieve your goals. Planning: means the lack of goals and priorities, Overemphasis on priorities, leave the activity before the expiry of it, the lack of a deadline for the completion, trying to accomplish too much at one time. Organization: Disorganization Profile, do the job more than once, repeated efforts without result, the lack of clarity of the authority and responsibility, there is more than one president for one employee. Employment: Problems for staff, untrained staff and Non-appropriate, rehabilitation higher or lower than desired. Implementation: The desire to complete the work alone, a decrease in the level of stimulus, Inability to manage conflict. Control: The absence of regulatory standards, the absence of administrative efficiency. Communications: Lack of communication clarity vertical and horizontal, no organization meetings, misunderstandings. Decision-making: Postponement, Poor decisions. Humans are not able to organize their time without clear goals, plans and priorities. Planning is forward looking, work oriented . The future, that is, it begins with setting the access point, Then draw the way leading up to this point. Doing the work program (notebook) to achieve your goals at short (one year, for example) stating the business tasks and responsibilities that will accomplish, and the dates of the beginning and the end of completion, and timing of personaletc. Here are some points to help us develop saving time: -Type the reason that leads to the loss of your time. Number of problems usually caused by wasting time. Stop using fake excuses such as the need for more information. A day contains twenty-four hours and this is enough for others to manage large enterprises, but for some it is not enough to manage simple, taking advantage of the time determines the difference between success and failure. Success means achieving a balance between the objectives and duties required under the means available, and so through time management or other self-management. Concerning the time at work, there are many employees come to the meetings or the office just for wasting the time, and wasting other people’s time. Working too many hours, or be present in all meetings doesn’t justify the quality of work. According to Robert C. Pozen (June 15, 2012),’’be prepared to say no to requests that don’t matter ‘’ (Stop Working All Those Hours). And it is good to saving time if we: Decline meeting: means do not accept to be in meetings and explain the workload and request to see the meeting’s ones. Also delete emails: not all of them. But only keep and respond to the most important ones. Finally dial down the effort: means if we cannot say ‘’no’’ to a certain request, recognize that it may only require a B+ effort. It’s not easy to save time at work because there are some factors affecting time as: Pressure by superiors, Pressures of work on the part of subordinates, Pressure resulting from the nature and conditions of work, Pressure resulting from planning, Pressures resulting from organization, Pressure regulator. According to Alex Chris, (October 24, 2012), ‘’there are 9 ways to manage the time at work: -write in a piece of paper. -concentrate on the important activities -find productive time. -do not postpone things for later. -start a job and finish it without interruption. -delegate jobs to other people. -schedule a communication. -organize the office. ’’(www. manageyourlifenow. com). Sometimes we need rest and break to achieve the goal, so what we do is close the computer, close the phone, shut down the TV or anything that makes noise. Take a short nap. That gives more energy for every day. Also sleeping at night is better. What I understood from these ways is if we want to manage our time well, we have to look for efficacy and efficiencies. Efficacy: to perform work properly and reach the desired result. Efficiency: the performance of work in the right way and getting to the desired result, but with minimal effort, time and cost. we need to profit and Exploit marginal times, times between commitments and actions (such as: the use of the car, waiting at the doctor, travel, waiting for meals, expected visitors). We must know How we spend time, then decompose and identify times marginal, and develop a plan of operation to benefit them as much as possible. Also do not give up urgent for the things unnecessary. According to Cameron Chapman ’’bellow are sixteen tips to help us better managing our time: 1) Get organized. 2) Separate work Space from Everything-Else Space. 3) Take advantage of time management tools. 4) Set goals. 5) Set deadlines. 6) Plane Ahead. 7) Prioritize. 8) Delegate or outsource. 9) Optimize your processes. 10) Learn to say ‘’no’’. 11) Learn when you work beast. 12) Set regular working hours. 13) Don’t waste time 14) Avoid multitasking. 15) Take frequent breaks. 16) Maintain. ’’ Set deadlines are very important if we want to stop procrastination, so we can make a schedule with clear due dates then follow the calendar. We understand from these tips that Time is precious. Therefore, we must profit from time as well as we can, properly, and ultimately there are a few tips, as some scientists say helps us very wiling example: Focus on the target at all times , know our goal, be aware of our goal and then we will feel accomplishment when we complete each task, remember what seeks clearly in our mind, we will realize then that it is necessary to work hard to get things done. Also Keep our mental and physical health, it is necessary to do the best delivery systems and our time for a better life, it leads to good health and the life of the organization, we need for good health to enjoy the achievements should also be good. Nothing is more important than our health, keeping our self in good health gives us energy, endurance, and also makes us more open-minded and less tense, and exercise make us think better (Sports Life). Be an observer on our self, and the easiest way to develop self-motivation is to keep a clear vision of our goal all the time, the goal is the reason for doing what we do now, Always remember the goal, nothing is seeking to achieve, in order to give us the fuel needed to overcome the difficulties. References Article ‘’ stop working all those hours’’ by Robert C. Pozen, June 15, 2012. Harvard Business Review. 9 Ways to manage your time at work. By Alex Chris, October 24, 2012. www. manageyourlifenow. com Alex is editor-in-chief of manageyourlifenow. com SMASHING MAGAZINE: How To Find Time For†¦Everything! By Cameron Chapman, September 16th, 2009. www. smashingmagazine. com

Hamlet Foils Fortinbras Essay Example for Free

Hamlet Foils Fortinbras Essay In Hamlet, one of Shakespeare’s most recognizable plays, Shakespeare portrays a great example of a literary foil between Fortinbras and Hamlet. Fortinbras, a minor character, possesses traits that emphasize Hamlet’s distinctive qualities. Fortinbras’ characteristics bring out both the worst and the best out Hamlet throughout the play. In Act IV Scene IV, Hamlet’s soliloquy points out every one of Fortinbras’ qualities that Hamlet admires. Fortinbras inspires Hamlet to be a man of action. Hamlet knows that he has been thinking too precisely on the event of killing Claudius. On the other hand, Fortinbras is ambitious and takes actions for what the believes in. For example, in the letter to the King, Young Fortinbras made it clear that he was going to get back the land his father lost. King Fortinbras’ death gave his son determination and motivation to make his father proud. Unlike Fortinbras, Hamlet just weeps over his father’s death. Hamlet continues to talk about his hatred for Claudius and vows revenge for King Hamlet’s murder, but takes no action in it. In Act III Scene III, Hamlet shows his tragic flaw, procrastination. Instead of taking advantage of the only moment Hamlet has alone with Claudius, Hamlet over thinks the situation and makes up an excuse for himself to not kill Claudius. In contrast to Hamlet’s indecisiveness, Fortinbras knows what he wants and makes it happen. For instance, for Fortinbras’ plan to invade Poland to work, he independently gathered 20,000 men for his army. Even though most of Fortinbras’ qualities contrast from Hamlet, his qualities encourage Hamlet to be at his full potential. Hamlet looked up to Fortinbras and highly respected him. Shakespeare did an excellent job of showing the foil between Fortinbras and Hamlet in his writing.

An Analysis Of Personal Leadership Skills Nursing Essay

An Analysis Of Personal Leadership Skills Nursing Essay For this essay I have audited my leadership skills using theoretical models and referred to specific situations and experiences. This encompasses personal, academic and professional reflections and explores opportunities for my career paths and personal development with an Action Plan for the future. This has required critical evaluation of my own development needs in light of my own aspirations, establishing an understanding of my transferrable skills and how these can be enhanced. For this I have considered situations in which my leadership traits, styles and skills have been utilised to help create successful outcomes. Background My career path has involved working closely with and taking an interest in people, both clients and colleagues alike. In developing my management skills, I am continually pursuing further ways of improving the effectiveness of these interactions which is immensely rewarding for me. On leaving school, my first employment was within the travel industry. From the outset, I sought to improve skills and enjoyed the challenge of meeting the needs of customers, budgetary targets, training of staff, problem solving, through to the opening and management of a travel agency branch several years later. Apart from the GCSE qualifications gained at school, any further academic or professional learning has been gained whilst in employment. The skills and achievements in my personal life are equally transferrable to my work life. For example, as Chairman of a genealogical society for several years and public speaking engagements both serve as reminders that I have organisational, research and presentation abilities which I can and should be utilising and developing along my career path. I am a prison officer and, three years ago, I learnt that my establishment was funding a Foundation Degree in Offender Management. My initial reaction was one of excitement as I had, for several years, considered some form of Higher Education by way of personal and professional development, but had never explored the options. It was a source of immense satisfaction to pass the course and achieve Distinction grade. My learning journey, experiences and personal developments, undertaken in the last three years, would take more than the word count of this essay allows, yet there are key points to reflect on in order to analyse my own leadership skills and continue their development. Theoretical Models and Personal Experience of Reflection in my Professional Development: From my earliest days in retail employment, then Care Work and on to prison officer, I have been fascinated by people and behaviour. Working alongside others, as well as empowering and training gives me great personal and professional satisfaction. Using reflective models such as Gibbs (1998), shown in Appendix III, I came to realise that how I interpret situations influences my interactions with others. As I will illustrate, this relates directly to my personality style and how I manage people and situations. Linked to this is the importance I place on how I am viewed by others and naturally seek collaborative and open relationships. Many of these values are found in Carnegie (1938), listed in Appendix I. The Study Skills Self-Assessment which I completed on 23 October 2007 (Appendix II) highlighted three main employability skills I need to develop as: Improving own learning and performance Application of number (data collection and interpretation) Information and technology proficiency Alongside these, to develop, are my personal attributes of Self confidence Flexibility and adaptability Judgement In this assessment I also reflected on my own specific weaknesses which include being too self-critical and not praising my own achievements enough which can affect my ability to be objective about my performance. I have a strong underpinning need to defend others and leap to their rescue which I have come to see as a hindrance to my own development and of those I seek to help. This is a particularly important area for me to address as future management roles will require me to allow others to take their own personal responsibility and only offer guidance as appropriate. This rescuer style is schema-related and I have considered schema theory and how this applies to me. Beck, (1967:233), described a schema as ..a cognitive structure for screening, coding, and evaluating the stimuli that impinge  on the organism. In short, schemas are the filters or core beliefs we have about ourselves or the world around us which influence how we interpret different situations in our lives. The nature of the work I do in offender rehabilitation requires me to undertake regular de-briefing, supervision, yearly health reviews and bi-monthly counselling. This, together with schema theory and other therapy models I use with prisoners, which I have also applied to myself, means I spend a lot of time being introspective and sharing reflections with colleagues. This helps define practical steps for a successful future but also enables me to gain wider perspectives in understanding, leading and managing others with a range of resources and situational analysis capabilities. Whereas, in the past and even recently, I have questioned the decision making processes of management, this has reshaped into a desire to gain a holistic overview of the work environment. Understanding the way we think and manage ourselves and others has been an important facet of my learning over the last three years. Straker (2008) who expands on the work of Gardner (2006) was helpful in appreciating that how we interact with people, at all levels, and is crucial for self development. Overcoming objections to understanding others, for fear that this might disprove our own theories about ourselves and the world are key hurdles of which I must continually be mindful. Negative experiences in this have resulted in an unhealthy view of the workplace but, as I said earlier, the benefits of a more engaging view have proved beneficial in my work and personal well being. As well as using Gibbs Reflective Cycle (1998), Kolb (1984) also helped me to evaluate experiences and test hypotheses but I did not find it took me to the point of action whereas Gibbs sets out the plan for ongoing development which is crucial for me so as not to remain procrastinating. Moon (2004) has been a useful resource on reflective practice, reminding me that reflection is not just important in itself, but must also lead to positive change, In observing what gets in the way, rather than being stuck in analysis, to move beyond and set goals for positive development has been essential learning for me and has been a surprising benefit which I had not expected several years ago. Leadership Employability Skills I recently completed an Employability Skills self assessment exercise which we first undertook in the first semester of the Foundation Degree. On doing this, I compared the results from the two. It was encouraging that one of my main developments appears to have been in problem solving and I consider my Higher Education studies over the last three years as contributing to my deeper analysing abilities. In light of earlier descriptions of my learning journey and reflective logs, it is gratifying to see that I have come a long way in, not only overcoming my own obstacles to learning, but making measured and significant achievement which then enables me to guide others in their roles. Among the key learning experiences for me, alongside the above, are a recognition of the roles of others, networking and effective communication. My career path has involved working closely with and taking an interest in people, both clients and colleagues alike. This was particularly apparent when I recently updated my Curriculum Vitae (Appendix IV), which was last compiled almost fifteen years ago. In developing my management skills throughout my degree studies, I have discovered further ways of improving the effectiveness of these interactions which is immensely rewarding for me. Through networking with management and departments for resources on researching prison policy, security and management skills, I am now feeling positive and motivated to succeed in career development. Not only is this important from a practical, self-development perspective, but also the fulfilling sense of achievement this will bring. Until recently, I was Supervisor of the Core Sex Offender Treatment Programme which was an important role in developing my leadership skills, promoting staff well-being as well as guiding staffs professional development. Another important aspect of this was to remain flexible yet consistent in balancing these needs whilst focussing on the goals of the establishment Business Plan and Key Performance Target (KPT) priorities. This mirrors Handy (1987) who argues for such flexibility in his Trust Control Theory. I find myself taking the opportunity to develop the skills of others very seriously and is personally rewarding and empowering. The values I attribute to this mirror those of Kandola and Fullerton (1994) in their Mosaic Vision which I have included in Appendix V. In Transactional Analysis Theory (Bern, 1961), every individuals personality is made up of three parts Parent, Adult and Child. An assessment of my own revealed a predominantly Nurturing Parent relationship style which is immensely rewarding personally, but can prove emotionally draining and is not without its practical problems. However, developing assertiveness skills in establishing my own identity and skills base has the benefit of overcoming any negative rumination and keeps lines of communication open. An example of achieving this was in challenging my line manager over my yearly performance review where I was rated Achieved and not Exceeded which I felt was deserved. I could have overlooked this and ruminated unhelpfully, believing him to be responsible for not recognising my achievements, but chose instead to manage my manager and argued my case. I found the www.h2training.com website interesting which had useful strategies for reminding me how to maintain my own degree of self-determination. Quoting from this site: Its unreasonable to expect your manager to be entirely responsible for accelerating your career: ultimately, its your own responsibility. Remember that an expectation is also resentment waiting to happen, and it is very difficult to hide resentment. http://h2training.com/managing_manager_tips.html [accessed November 2010] Suffice to say, my performance record was amended accordingly. I recently had to step down from Sex Offender Treatment work which I found difficult to accept. I, therefore, reappraised my personal development and used reflective skills (Kolb, 1984 and Beck 1967) to help evaluate the experiences and to understand how I was interpreting them. By doing this, I was able to negotiate a role within the drugs support team after originally being offered an office based assessment position which I would have found unfulfilling. Indeed, on reflection, assertiveness and negotiation are two core management attributes which are now part of my skills set. Drawing together the range of experience and interests I have enjoyed over successive years keeps me, first and foremost, actively engaged in working for and alongside others. My role as a drugs support worker requires the key skills I possess with the realisation and expectation that they can be further developed with a particular emphasis on evaluating the management requirements of this work. This is encouraging and, in this period of change, I have come to realise the importance of job satisfaction as a key motivator for me. An important element of my professional life is to uphold personal and corporate values of decency and ethical practice including cultural diversity. I was pleased to be able to highlight these values in my Diversity Foundation Degree project from January 2009 where I made recommendations for valuing the diversity of staff and prisoners and improving ethical practice in Programmes Awareness training at Full Sutton. This was well received by the treatment management team resulting in the training being strengthened in this area. On sharing the findings of my Transactional Analysis with a work colleague, my nurturing parent style was acknowledged and confirmed through my perceived empathic nature. In looking at my management style, it is important that I maintain a balance between this and being careful not to go into White Knight schema-driven mode, where I need to defend others at all costs. Developing a style which cares for others yet enables them to function on their own merits allows me to function better as a genuinely caring person in my work and as a leader. Maslows Hierarchy of Needs theory (1943), reminds me that my own needs count as well as those of other people. In other words, putting other people first all the time is detrimental to my own well-being and valuing myself is, in itself, a key assertiveness skill. I continually remind myself of the announcements on aircraft during safety briefings where, in the event of oxygen masks being deployed, you are instructed to put your own on first before aiding anyone else. If you dont, you might pass out beforehand and then no one is saved. Critically evaluating My Leadership and Management Style Some years ago, a colleague of mine who has since retired, told me his thoughts on a particular Senior Manager. He used a phrase which, though meant in a derogatory sense, I have never forgotten. He said ..as a leader of men, I would only follow him out of curiosity. This colleague had spent many distinguished years in the Armed Services as a Regimental Sergeant Major and had been in the Prison Service for around 15 years. He had, therefore, some considerable experience of different management and leadership styles. Using established theory I continually analyse my own strengths and weaknesses in areas of leadership and management. Fayol (1916) highlighted five commons elements of management which are essential to the role. These include the ability to look to the future, to be organised and co-ordinate the organisational objectives, leading (though he defined it as commanding which is unhelpfully autocratic) and, finally, to control the above elements using all means at his or her disposal. Whilst this was written at the beginning of the last century, the basic tenets of management Fayol lists are still valid though ones own personality also engenders an effective workforce which can achieve results. The latter is personally important as I seek to have followers rather than delegates and makes me, as a manager, more of a leader. I recently completed the Myers Briggs Personality Type Questionnaire. Having done this a couple of years ago, I decided to redo this using an internet-based assessment resource (www.teamtechnology.co.uk) [accessed 15 September 2010], which produced a comprehensive 200 page report. Summary in Appendix VI The results proved very interesting and formed a cohesive assessment which affirmed the beliefs about my personality and leadership attributes gained over the last few years. This was confirmed through the initial questionnaire together with a separate subtest which had similar outcomes and, interestingly, the results were very similar to my previous assessment two years previously. Essentially, I have a strong focus on values, feelings, compassion and important beliefs where current experiences hold great learning importance. Team values are high and my role in ensuring the well-being of those with whom I work is important to me. There are, however, elements of this personality type which I am aware can be problematic if not managed appropriately. I do have a tendency to avoid conflict yet can be stubborn where my own values come into conflict with corporate ideals in which I run the risk of failing in objectivity. These are negative traits which I have been consciously working on over the last few years and serve to remind me that, whilst having a default style, this does not preclude effective working on these to the benefit of all concerned. Interestingly, the top two best matches of jobs for me based on enjoyment are actor and musician; for match came out as counsellor and customer care and a combination of match and enjoyment came out as counsellor and actor. All of these I have both experience and interest in and the traits from these have indeed shaped my leadership style. The Humanist approach described by McGregor (1964) looked at how individual attitudes can affect behaviour. He purported that there are 2 types of leader (using an X and Y continuum ranging from a negative to positive view of subordinates respectively). The latter, he showed, have a greater chance of effective performance from the workforce through a nurturing approach which I can identify with. A reflective log from December 2009 is included in Appendix VII. Again, as with most models, there is a typical style for each individual manager but even the most open and supportive one can revert on occasions to X-typical strategies and responses. This can be somewhat confusing and lacking in continuity for the workforce and, potentially unsettling as I will illustrate later in this essay. The model is similar to Tannenbaum and Schmidt (1958) who use the continuum from Authoritarian Task Orientation to Democratic Relationship Orientation where I operate towards the latter and Goleman (2000) on which I identify with the Affiliative (people come first) stage. Operational leaders, as covered by Maxwell (2002) have great value to an organisation in providing stability, devising systems and solving problems with positive engagement. However, because of their focus on detail they can overlook the bigger picture, sometimes lack motivation and are not effective in dealing with conflict. Very often, paraphrasing Maxwell here, operational leaders are not very good at getting their hands dirty but readily raise the flag at the moment of achievement. Thankfully, whilst viewing myself as an operational leader, I do like to share in tasks as well as delegate. John Adair (2002) in his range of leadership treatises, (which, incidently, build on the previous models of Maslow (1943), Herzberg (1964) and Fayol (1916) highlights three key management responsibilities under his banner of Action Centred leadership. Achieving the task Managing the team or group Managing individuals Whilst advocating a shared responsibility between the individual and external factors, it does not, however, take stock of the individual in the leadership role which I view as crucial. A similar but more complex model I have become interested in, is known as Crew Resource Management (CRM) which was originally devised by NASA to explore the human factors in civil aviation accidents in the 1970s. Several industries have adopted and adapted their own models accordingly and my interest will culminate in a dissertation for my Degree on the benefits of adopting a CRM approach to Prison Service critical incidents. Tasks or people? Workforce or Team ? It is clear that leadership is different to management though a good leader will have good management skills. In considering whether I impose myself as leader to focus on task or allow the team to flourish utilising their own skills, I completed the T-P leadership questionnaire (Appendix VIII). This scored exactly midway between the two, highlighting my awareness and flexibility to respond to both important aspects. How we respond to a leader gives some indication of our own skills and that of the one in the supervisory role. As one who aims to lead by inspiration, I am more inclined to follow Kolbs (1984) model of learning and encourage people to adapt concrete way of doing things to update their skills base and find more effective ways of working (feeling, watching, thinking, doing). An autocratic leader would be less inclined to allow such flexibility and attempt to ensure compliance from those who might be more inclined to kick and scream in and against the process. An effective leader should also take individual learning styles into account as no one method fits all. Honey and Mumfords Learning Style Inventory (1982), highlights the differences that exist, as I have found even within small teams, yet we all work together and effectively, notwithstanding that everyones experience of being under the same leadership will be different. One of the most important sources of reflection in considering my own style of leadership, plus a reinforcement of my own beliefs and values, is represented in the Style Theory of Leadership developed by Blake and Mouton (1964). This, essentially, follows on from McGregors X-Y theory and is more relevant to those predominantly on the Y axis and where a level of trust in management structure exists in the workplace. However, Blake and Mouton explored the benefits of those that put tasks before people and vice versa. Ultimately they considered whether concern for people or concern for production was more important for leaders. As with other models, the day to day style of individuals in leadership roles can vary but everyone has their own default mode. Where productivity appears more important than the maintenance and well-being of the staff, I can find myself at odds with the management and perceived ethos of the establishment at which I work. With the Blake Mouton model, I was relieved to have my default leadership style confirmed as Team Leader. This is indicative of high concern for both people and production where emphasis is placed on a spirit of teamwork and mutual co-operation. This also engenders a safe environment in which commitment from all sides is more readily forthcoming. However, in completing a recent practical assessment for a promotion board I failed to attain the required grade. I knew this as soon as the assessment was over, though I had to wait two months for the official result. In fact, I knew during the assessment, I was reacting totally contrary to my normal sense of priorities when faced with a constant stream of problems to solve. I found myself focussing primarily on the tasks and not enough on the personnel. For example, when faced with a member of staff who was emotionally upset at a domestic issue, I asked if he was okay to continue to get his landing unlocked and would look to help him with his problem later. Afterwards I learnt that the assessors were looking for Utopian responses in all scenarios assuming all needs could be immediately provided so I could have put staff welfare first, getting his role covered immediately so he could then get home to sort his issues. However, I reverted to my current work role where the pressure to meet deadlines sometimes overrides well-being. As this was completely at odds with how I believed I would normally have reacted, I was left feeling ill at ease and questioned why I persisted in this way when I am naturally Y (using McGregors model, 1960) and more team focused than task orientated (Blake Mouton, 1964). Whilst I may not fully understand why, at least it is a recognised trait à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦..theory X managers (or indeed theory Y managers displaying theory X are primarily results oriented Internet source http://www.businessballs.com/mcgregor.htm [October 2010] On reflection, I am convinced that the culture and environment of the higher management structure (which demands and focuses on results and targets) filters down and, no matter how much one tries to resist or even kick against it, it permeates ones own work practice after a while. The climate in which I work consistently places emphasis on the meeting of Key Performance Targets (KPTs) and now, the Service Level Agreement (SLA). In meeting these as well as ever increasing budgetary constraints, every facet of work culture is placed under the microscope and, wherever possible, cut, yet the targets must be met regardless. However, no matter the circumstances in which we find ourselves or expectations laid at our office door, it is how we respond that is important and the acceptance of our personal responsibility to be channelled into effective working. An important element of relationships, at all levels including personal and business, is trust. Where one perceives this to be eroded or not present due to conflict in aims or values, it can have a destructive affect on effective co-working. As can be seen above, this is something I am struggling with in the corporate ethos where I am constantly second-guessing the motives behind management decision-making. However, to be an effective manager, I am mindful of maintaining a healthy approach to embracing the mission of the workplace even though I may not fully understand or have access to the full rationale behind the decision making processes from Higher Management. As a leader, I have to convey to those I wish to work effectively under me, that this mission is achievable and in the common interest despite my own such uncertainties. Maintaining personal integrity and establishing trust are essential in my personal, professional and leadership identity. Straker (2008:208) talks of transaction cost and trust boundaries. Essentially he argues that trust, if allowed to erode or not fostered within an organisation can impact on delivery and there has to be a cost on both sides to re-establish this. As he says .. the overall cost can be minimised with up-front investment in, and subsequent maintenance of, trust. If one does not have that sense of belonging within the trust group then there is something wrong with the work relationship and part of effective management and leadership performance is to be pro-active in fostering trust and encouraging people to enter the trust boundary. It begs the question, therefore, who and under what conditions will we follow? Should we be expected to lead and expect blind faith? What criteria and principles should be presented in order for others to set out on the journey with us ? Handy (1987) suggests that in order for an outcome to remain constant, the Trust-Control balance might need to shift between leader and subordinates and I can see merits in this as relationships, as well as work pressures, are fluid in nature. There are three established styles of leadership: autocratic, paternalistic and democratic. History records successful leaders who have exhibited all of the above. Each style can work and produce results but demands a flexibility on the part of the workforce to fit in with the style and it is that response which can be acknowledged and worked with or not as the case may be, As for my own style, confirmed as a nurturing parental approach, this has immense benefits for myself and for those who work under me as they feel supported and, more importantly in my opinion, affirmed in their roles with their own skills base recognised and developed. As with any style there are costs and, as I am finding, where my own sense of values conflicts with the demands laid upon me, this can have a detrimental effect to my own sense of purpose within the organisation. It is important, therefore, that structures and lines of communication are open which allow for that expression of view. However, this, in itself, is not without the potential cost. As I found when raising my head above the parapet on several occasions, to express concern and personal frustration with the direction expected by senior managers, it can blot ones copybook. Again, it is important for me to consider how much of this is down to my own personal perception and how able I am to see my subordinates perspective and, crucially, the aims and focus of the establishment delivery objectives. Conclusion In terms of future roles, I am best placed to consider managerial positions. The Foundation Degree and BA(Hons) are regarded as valuable qualifications both for their content relevant to the Criminal Justice System and Leadership and Management but also symbolising the desire and commitment I have and have shown for continued self development (Appendix IX). In the final analysis, the human dynamic is the most beneficial resource in the workplace but it is also the most fickle and, at times, fragile. To lead is a privilege and to follow is an opportunity. I can only strive to make myself worthy of the trust placed in me to, not only get the job done, but to enable others to be the very best they can be and, in the process, ensure I am followed out of respect and not coercion or, indeed, curiosity. Appendices: I. Excerpt from Carnegie (1938) II. Study Skills Self Assessment III. Gibbs (1998) Reflective Cycle IV. Curriculum Vitae V. Kandola and Fullerton (1994) Mosaic Vision VI. Myers Briggs Personality Type Questionnaire VII. Reflective Log on McGregor X,Y Theory VIII. T-P Leadership Questionnaire IX. Professional Development Plan Appendix I Excerpts from How To Win Friends and Influence People Carnegie (1938) Fundamental Techniques in Handling People Dont criticize, condemn, or complain. Give honest and sincere appreciation. Arouse in the other person an eager want. Six Ways to Make People Like You Become genuinely interested in other people. Smile. Remember that a mans Name is to him the sweetest and most important sound in any language. Be a good listener. Encourage others to talk about themselves. Talk in the terms of the other mans interest. Make the other person feel important and do it sincerely Twelve Ways to Win People to Your Way of Thinking Avoid arguments. Show respect for the other persons opinions. Never tell someone they are wrong. If youre wrong, admit it quickly and emphatically. Begin in a friendly way. Start with questions the other person will answer yes to. Let the other person do the talking. Let the other person feel the idea is his/hers. Try honestly to see things from the other persons point of view. Sympathize with the other person. Appeal to noble motives. Dramatize your ideas. Throw down a challenge. Be a Leader: How to Change People Without Giving Offense or Arousing Resentment Begin with praise and honest appreciation. Call attention to other peoples mistakes indirectly. Talk about your own mistakes first. Ask questions instead of directly giving orders. Let the other person save face. Praise every improvement. Give them a fine reputation to live up to. Encourage them by making their faults seem easy to correct. Make the other person happy about doing what you suggest. Appendix II. Study Skills Self Assessment Appendix III. Gibbs (1998) Reflective Cycle Appendix IV. Curriculum Vitae Appendix V My Personal and Professional Values Related to The Mosaic Vision (Kandola and Fullerton, 1994) Mission and values (I tend to have a rescuer style in